Many people instinctively assume that natural materials are always more environmentally friendly than synthetic alternatives. Cotton, one of the most widely used textiles in the world, is therefore often perceived as an “eco” choice. The reality, however, is more complex.

While cotton is biodegradable, its cultivation and processing involve significant environmental and social impacts that are frequently overlooked. At the same time, recycled or alternative materials can—when produced and used responsibly—have a lower overall footprint than conventionally grown cotton.

The Environmental Impact of Cotton Production

1. Extremely high water consumption

Producing 1 kilogram of cotton can require up to 10,000 litres of water. A single cotton T-shirt may account for approximately 2,700 litres. This places enormous pressure on water resources, especially in regions where water scarcity is already a serious issue. In countries such as India or Uzbekistan, large-scale cotton farming has contributed to the shrinking of the Aral Sea, once one of the largest inland water bodies in the world.

2. Use of pesticides and chemicals

Cotton occupies around 3% of global agricultural land, yet accounts for roughly 2.5% of global pesticide use. Dyeing and bleaching processes often rely on toxic chemicals that contaminate soil and waterways and can negatively affect the health of farmers and nearby communities, who are frequently exposed to these substances.

3. Soil degradation and land damage

Intensive cotton farming, particularly without proper crop rotation, leads to soil erosion and long-term degradation. Excessive use of chemicals reduces soil fertility, increasing dependence on fertilisers and further worsening the overall condition of the landscape.

4. Greenhouse gas emissions and climate impact

Cotton cultivation and processing contribute to climate change through high energy demands and global transportation chains that largely rely on fossil fuels.

5. Social and labour concerns

Cotton is often grown in regions with vulnerable communities and limited labour regulation. Low wages, unsafe working conditions and, in some areas, violations of labour and human rights remain persistent issues. Farmers are frequently exposed to hazardous chemicals without adequate protection, and these ethical challenges extend throughout the cotton supply chain.

Organic cotton: a better option, but not without challenges

Organic cotton can represent an improvement over conventional cotton, but it does not automatically guarantee a low environmental impact. Although it is grown without synthetic pesticides and herbicides—helping to protect ecosystems and farmers’ health—it typically requires more land and delivers lower yields. Water consumption remains high despite more efficient irrigation methods, and not all products labelled as “organic cotton” meet the same strict standards. Social and ethical challenges may also persist.

More sustainable material alternatives

Cotton and sustainability do not always go hand in hand, but there are more responsible alternatives worth considering.

1. Hemp

Hemp grows quickly, requires little water and no pesticides, and produces extremely durable fibres with a long lifespan.

2. Bamboo

Bamboo is a fast-growing plant that does not require pesticides and can absorb significant amounts of CO₂. When processed responsibly, bamboo textiles can be a more sustainable option.

3. Linen

Linen is long-lasting, soil-friendly and requires far less water to cultivate than cotton.

4. TENCEL™ (Lyocell)

TENCEL™ is made from eucalyptus or beech wood and produced in a closed-loop process where most chemicals are recovered and reused.

5. RPET (Recycled Polyester)

Although not a natural material, recycled polyester helps reduce plastic waste and typically requires less energy to produce than virgin synthetic fibres. It also offers functional properties—such as durability and quick drying—that natural fibres often lack. As with all materials, its overall benefit depends on processing quality, product lifespan and responsible use.

Cotton and sustainability: natural doesn’t always mean eco-friendly

Despite being a natural fibre, cotton’s production is far from environmentally neutral. High water consumption, pesticide use, soil degradation and social concerns contribute to a much larger footprint than many consumers realise. Organic cotton is a step in the right direction, but it is not a complete solution. Materials such as RPET, hemp, bamboo, linen or TENCEL™ can often offer lower environmental impact and better functional performance.

Sustainability is never black and white—it depends on origin, production methods, product durability and how an item is actually used.